Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancers (2026 edition)

Biliary tract cancers (BTC), including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer, are highly heterogeneous, clinically complex, and generally associated with poor prognosis. At present, the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for BTC in screening and diagnosis, pathological diagnosis and molecular classification, multidisciplinary management, surgical treatment, perioperative therapy, locoregional therapy, and systemic therapy are continuously evolving. The Alliance of Chinese Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Biliary Tract Cancers, Chinese College of Surgeons, Committee of Liver Cancer of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, and Liver Cancer Group of Society of Oncology of Chinese Medical Association organized experts and scholars in related fields to formulate the Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract cancers (2026 edition). The consensus is developed based on newly available evidence-based medical evidence and after repeated discussions and revisions, aiming to summarize the relevant evidence for BTC management, integrate clinical practice, provide better guidance for clinicians, improve the standardization of BTC management, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.