Gastric cancer surgery in the era of intelligence and individualization

In the era of intelligence and individualization, gastric cancer surgery is under-going multidimensional advancements. The authors focus on the cutting‑edge progress and future challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and decision‑making, treatment and drug development, as well as postoperative rehabilitation in gastric cancer surgery. In terms of diagnosis, AI integrates imaging, liquid biopsy, pathology, and multimodal technologies to enhance diagnostic comprehensiveness and accuracy. Regarding decision‑making, AI assists in formulating personalized treatment plans, conducting risk assessments, and predicting prognoses. In the treatment domain, AI facilitates the advancement of individualized surgical approaches, supports postoperative follow-up, and aids in physician education and training. In drug development, the introduction of virtual cell models and AlphaFold has improved the efficiency and accuracy of mechanistic and clinical research. For postoperative rehabilitation guidance, AI provides personalized recommendations to optimize treatment outcomes.AI holds great promise in gastric cancer surgery across diagnosis and decision-making, treatment and drug development, and postoperative rehabilitation. However, current AI technologies face challenges such as data sharing and privacy protection, multicenter research and model generalization, human‑machine collaboration, interpretability, ethical considerations, sustaina-bility, and widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges will require collective efforts to fully leverage AI′s advantages in gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment.