Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal and gastric variceal rupture bleeding in cirrhotic portal hypertension (2025 edition)

Portal hypertension is a syndrome caused by various factors leading to sustained increased pressure in the portal vein, with cirrhosis being the most common cause. The primary pathophysiological feature of cirrhotic portal hypertension is the obstruction of portal blood flow, resulting in elevated portal pressure and the opening of collateral circulation. Among the many clinical manifestations of cirrhotic portal hypertension, esophageal and gastric variceal rupture blee-ding is the most urgent and carries a high mortality rate. To standardize the diagnosis and treatment process for esophageal and gastric variceal rupture bleeding in cirrhotic portal hypertension, the Chinese Society of Spleen and Portal Hypertension Surgery, Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association organized multidisciplinary experts to revise and form the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal and Gastric Variceal Rupture Bleeding in Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension (2025 Edition). This consensus aims to integrate the latest research findings and clinical experience to provide clinicians with scientific and practical diagnostic and treatment recommendations, helping them develop optimal treatment plans to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.