Expert consensus on the standardized procedure of selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium‑90 microspheres for liver malignancies (2024 edition)

Yttrium‑90 microsphere selective internal radiation therapy (⁹⁰Y‑SIRT) has been used clinically for more than 50 years for liver malignancies, with confirmed safety and efficacy. Although it has been widely used for more than 20 years abroad, ⁹⁰Y‑SIRT is just getting started in China. The procedure of ⁹⁰Y‑SIRT is relatively complex, which need multidisciplinary teamwork and higher requirements for operators. Once the ectopic distribution of ⁹⁰Y microspheres occurs, it may lead to relatively serious complications. Therefore, it does need to standardize the procedure of ⁹⁰Y‑SIRT to ensure its efficacy, reduce the incidence of complications, and promote the popularization and application in China. It is for these reasons that experts from Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Clinical Guidelines Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists and Society for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association formulate the Expert consensusbased on the literature evidence and clinical practice, which including patient selection, preoperative imaging examination, aim of ⁹⁰Y‑SIRT, prescription dose calculation, ⁹⁰Y‑SIRT protocol, postoperative manage-ment, common adverse reactions and complications, etc.