Management strategies for bleeding complications of severe acute pancreatitis

Multidisciplinary clinicians are increasingly recognizing severe acute pancrea-titis (SAP). The early mortality rate of SAP has decreased, but the late mortality rate remains high. Intra-abdominal infection and bleeding complications are the most common causes of death in the late stage of SAP, and they may be causally related to each other. The onset and progression of bleeding complications in the late stage of SAP are rapid, posing a challenging problem for frontline clinicians. The authors systematically describe the types and management methods of common bleeding complications in SAP to help other clinicians formulate suitable bleeding complication management protocols based on individual situations. This will contribute to the early control and ultimate resolution of bleeding complications in SAP.