Molecular typing and precise treatment strategies for colorectal cancer: from experience to precision

Represented by colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies have unique clinical characteristics and biological behaviors, ranking high in the incidence and mortality rates in China. In recent years, with technological innovations and continuous optimization of disease management models, the concept of "precision surgery" has been driving the transformation of colorectal cancer surgery from traditional empirical surgical paradigms to modern precision surgical paradigms. Rapid advancements have been made in colorectal surgical treatment, including surgical techniques, instrument platforms, various novel targeted therapies, and immune combination therapies, which have demonstrated significant efficacy in colorectal cancer treatment. Meanwhile, with 30 years of development in laparoscopic colorectal surgery in China, the surgical approach for colorectal cancer has shifted from traditional open‑bellied surgery to minimally invasive surgery. The diagnostic and therapeutic models for colorectal cancer patients have gradually transitioned from experience‑driven to precision‑based and individualized care. Guided by the concept of "precision surgery", this article combines the current status and trends in colorectal cancer surgery to discuss relevant molecular subtyping and precision treatment strategies, aiming to promote precise surgery and comprehensive treatment for colorectal cancer.