Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on combined immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 version)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)‑based immunotherapy combined with other treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has achieved significant efficacy in clinical research and practice, and has become the most commonly used and mainstay therapy for the treatment of unresectable HCC. In order to help clinicians administrating immunotherapy drugs and regimens rationally, effectively and safely, the committee organized a multidisciplinary expert team to adopt the "Delphi" consensus formation method, and finally revised and completed the "Chinese Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Combined Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2023 Version)" on the basis of the 2021 version of consensus. This consensus mainly focuses on the principles and methods of clinical application of ICIs-based combination therapy, aiming to summarize the recommendations for clinical application based on the latest research and expert experience, and provide application guidance for clinicians.