Abstract: Gut microbiota is involved in the physiological, biochemical and pathological processes of the body. It could participate in the immunoregulation and the development of enteric nervous system, prevent the invasion of pathogens, maintain normal bowel movement and inhibit the occurrence of tumor. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may also cause many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and diabetes. A variety of diseases can affect gut microbiota with different ways. In addition, remote organs play a counteractive rule to gut microbiota. Maintaining the balance of the bacteria sets different requirements in different disease processes. This paper reviewed the advanced progression of gut microbiota dysbiosis after cholecystectomy and provided a new therapeutic target for gallbladder diseases.