Abstract: Objective:To investigate the indications and clinical efficacy of combined application of laparoscope, choledochoscope and duodenoscope in the treatment of extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis. Methods The retrospective cohort study was adopted. The clinical data of 2 364 patients with extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis who were admitted to the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2008 to December 2015 were collected. Of the 2 364 patients, 861 patients had cholecystolithiasis combined with extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis and the diameter of common bile duct≥8 mm, 720 patients had cholecystolithiasis combine with extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis and the diameter of common bile duct<8 mm, 783 patients had only extarhepatic cholangiolithiasis. In the patients diagnosed as cholecystolithiasis combined with extrahepatic changiolithiasis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)+laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) were applied to patients with the diameter of common bile duct≥8 mm, and the Ttube placement or primary suture was used intraoperatively according to the status of individualized patients; endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD)+LC were applied to patients with the diameter of common bile duct<8 mm. For patients with only extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis or recurrent stones after cholecystectomy, EST or EPBD was applied, and LCBDE was applied to patients with multiple stones and maximum diameter>2 cm and unsuitable for EST or EPBD. If residual stones were found after operation in patients with Ttube placement, choledochoscope was used to extract stone; otherwise, EST or EPBD was used.Treatment outcomes including treatment method, success rate of minimally invasive lithotomy, operation time, incidence of complication, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses, and the results of followup including 1, 3year recurrence rate of stones were recorded. The followup was done by outpatient examination and telephone interview till January 2016. All the patients were reexamined blood routine, liver function and color doppler ultrasonography of the abdomen at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 3 years after operation. Suspected residual cholangiolithiasis found by ultrasound was varified by computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonanced cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) imaging examination. For patients with Ttube placement, CT scan and biliary photography were performed at ²-3 months postoperatively to determine whether residual stones existed and T tube could be pulled out. Measurement data were presented as mean (range). Results:Of 2 364 patients, 2 271 patients received minimally invasive lithotomy successfully. Of 861 patients of cholecystolithiasis combined with extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis and the diameter of common bile duct≥8 mm, 836 succeeded in minimally invasive lithotomy, with a success rate of 97.10%(836/861), the other 25 patients were converted to open surgery. Seven hundred and three patients of 836 patients received Ttube placement in LCBDE, and the mean operation time, incidence of complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses were 97 minutes (range, 41-167 minutes), 3.70%(26/703), 6.7 days (range, 3.0-32.0 days) and 3.4×10⁴ yuan (range, 1.5×10⁴-6.7×10⁴ yuan), respectively. One hundred and thirtythree patients of 836 patients received primary suture, and the mean operation time, incidence of complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses were 89 minutes (range, 39-123 minutes), 3.01%(4/133), 4.1 days (range, 2.0-17.0 days), 2.1×10⁴ yuan (range, 1.6×10⁴-3.4×10⁴ yuan), respectively. Of 720 patients with the diameter of common bile duct<8 mm who underwent EST or EPBD+LC, 687 succeeded in minimally invasive lithotomy, with a success rate of 95.42%(687/720), the other 33 patients were converted to open surgery. The mean operation time, incidence of complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses of 687 patients were 101 minutes (range, 69-163 minutes), 2.91%(20/687), 5.6 days (range, 2.0-15.0 days) and 2.8×10⁴ yuan (range, 2.0×10⁴-6.4×10⁴ yuan), respectively. In 783 patients with only extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis or recurrent stones after cholecystectomy, 701 of 725 patients who were treated with EST or EPBD succeeded in minimally invasive lithotomy, with a success rate of 96.69%(701/725), and the mean operation time, incidence of complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses of 701 patients were 47 minutes (range, 11-79 minutes), 2.28%(16/701), 3.7 days (range, 2.0-19.0 days), 1.7×10⁴ yuan (range, 1.3×10⁴-5.5×10⁴ yuan), respectively; 47 of 58 patients who were treated with LCBDE succeeded in lithotomy, with a success rate of 81.03%(47/58), and the mean operation time, incidence of complications, duration of postoperative hospital stay and treatment expenses were 124 minutes (range, 94-170 minutes), 8.51%(4/47), 7.9 days (range, 5.0-21.0 days) and 3.8×10⁴ yuan (range, 2.3×10⁴-7.9×10⁴ yuan), respectively. Of 2 364 patients, 2 207 were followed up for a mean time of 38 months (range, 1-72 months).The 1, 3year recurrence rates were 2.74%(19/693) and 5.08%(24/472) in patients receiving LC+LCBDE, 3.10%(21/677) and 5.69%(30/527)in patients receiving EST or EPBD+LC for cholecystolithiasis combined with extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis. The 1, 3 year recurrence rates were 3.22%(20/621) and 6.11%(25/409)in patients receiving EST or EPBD+LC, 7.32%(3/41) and 11.11%(2/18) in patients receiving LCBDE for only extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis or recurrent stones after cholecystectomy. Conclusions:It is safe and effective to treat extrahepatic cholangiolithiasis based on combined application of laparoscope, choledochoscope and duodenoscope, with choosing appropriate indications as the key to improve the therapeutic effect. Primary suture in the LCBDE is recommended because it can protect patients from Ttube placement.