Continuous progress of medicine and related areas are initiating and motivating a paradigm transformation of traditional surgery to precise surgery, which is characterized by precision in decision making and surgical intervention. The strategy of precise surgery is to seek a balance of maximized lesionremoval, maximized organ sparing and minimal surgical invasiveness. Due to the special location and biological characteristics, the therapy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is still challenging. To meet the demand of precise surgery, the knowledge of anatomy, biological characteristics and liver functional reserve is needed and the technical aspects of pre-surgical intervention, liver resection and reconstruction of vessels are also very important.