Abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma is classified into intrahepatic and extrahepatic types. Among them, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA) is particularly challenging for clinical treatment due to its unique anatomical location, difficulty in early diagnosis, and high invasiveness. Developing an experimental model that precisely mimics its biological behavior is the key to breaking through the research bottleneck. However, most existing reviews focus on the intrahepatic type, while there is a lack of systematic discussion on eCCA models. The authors focus on the construction of eCCA models, systematically review the principles, applications, and limitations of major modeling strategies such as chemical surgery induction, gene editing, tumor transplantation, and organoids. It also highlights the unique challenges: anatomical complexity restricting in situ modeling, difficulty in simulating the bile environment, and insufficient replication of the immune microenvironment. Based on this, a multi‑dimensional quantitative evaluation framework covering histopathology, molecular classification, and drug response consistency is proposed. The article explores the integration of models and technological fusion pathways. The aim is to provide a reference for constructing clinically relevant eCCA models and lay a foundation for subsequent mechanism studies based on the etiological characteristics of the Chinese population.