Abstract: As an emerging interdisciplinary field, transplant oncology has been continuously developing in recent years. It integrates knowledge and technology from immunology, oncology, transplant medicine, and surgery, and is committed to treating cancer through organ transplantation and other means, in order to improve the survival rate and quality of life of patients. The authors will provide a review on the significance of transplant oncology, theoretical basis, current research status, clinical research and progress, and existing challenges, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for researchers in this field.