Abstract: Surgical resection is the primary treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a postoperative recurrence rate of 50%-70% within five years. Postoperative adjuvant therapy may be an important way to enhance surgical outcomes. However, due to a lack of high-quality evidence, there is no consensus on the benefits of adjuvant treatment, nor are there standardized protocols. As our understanding of background, local, and systemic treatments about HCC has evolved, as well as the deepening of understanding of various adjuvant treatment methods, recent studies mainly from China suggest that postoperative adjuvant therapy for HCC patients of high-risk recur-rence factors may improve their prognosis. Nonetheless, the postoperative adjuvant therapy of HCC also faces challenges including precise selection of candidates for adjuvant therapy, accurate stratifi-cation of recurrence risk, elucidation of the therapeutic value of molecular pathological features, and the development of individualized treatment plans.