Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a low resection rate and a high postoperative recurrence rate. Conversion therapy and neoadjuvant therapy are effective stra-tegies to improve the long‑term prognosis of patients with HCC. With the clinical application of new technologies and methods and the continuous emergence of new anti⁃tumor drugs, the conversion therapy and neoadjuvant therapy of HCC have ushered in an unprecedented development. At the same time, they are also facing many new challenges. Based on our own clinical experience and the latest progress in conversion therapy and neoadjuvant therapy of HCC, the authors classify and summarize the selection of treatment strategies and the challenges faced in HCC conversion therapy and neoadjuvant therapy.